Readings (Track 1)

As a setup for today’s readings it’s hard to beat Bob Dylan’s song from 1979:

You may be an ambassador to England or France
You may like to gamble, you might like to dance
You may be the heavyweight champion of the world
You may be a socialite with a long string of pearls

But you’re gonna have to serve somebody, yes indeed
You’re gonna have to serve somebody
Well, it may be the devil or it may be the Lord
But you’re gonna have to serve somebody.

It’s the issue Joshua poses to the people at the end of his career: “choose this day whom you will serve.” With one voice they respond “we will serve the Lord.” But as Joshua suspects and subsequent history confirms, that response, like the oil in the foolish bridesmaids’ lamps, doesn’t last. This project of serving the Lord: a long-term project, and whatever else Jesus’ parable might want us to understand, it’s that.

In our second reading Paul reassures the Thessalonians: those Christians who have died will not be left behind at the Lord’s coming. “…the dead in Christ will rise first. Then we who are alive, who are left, will be caught up in the clouds together with them to meet the Lord in the air; and so we will be with the Lord forever.”

“To meet the Lord in the air; and so we will be with the Lord forever.” That merits a somewhat long digression. It’s often understood as being with the Lord in some place other than earth. Christians who talk about a “rapture” in which all the Christians suddenly disappear take the verse this way—and their views were popularized in The Scofield Bible, The Late Great Planet Earth, and the Left Behind series.

Many rousing Gospel songs play off this: “This world is not my home, I’m just a passing through.” “I want to go to heaven when I die.” But… God created this world, saying over and over “this is good,” “this is good,” “this is good,” and, at the end, the whole thing “very good.” Do we really think that the God of Abraham and Sarah, Mary and Joseph is going to abandon this world? The Bible pictures something far more interesting than these songs imagine.

Let’s go back to Paul’s image of meeting the Lord in the air. In Paul’s time, when a new king was coming to a city, the citizens would leave the city to go out to meet the king and escort him back into the city with all the pageantry they could muster. Paul assumes that image: the Lord is coming to earth, and where else could we meet him but in the air? Not so we’d stay in the air, but so that together we could return in celebration to earth to inaugurate his reign.

But those Christians who have died will miss out on the party? No, says Paul, they will be raised, and they’ll be at the front of the parade, a parade headed toward this earth.

The king coming to the city is one image; another is the New Jerusalem in the Book of Revelation. Notice what John sees: the New Jerusalem “coming down out of heaven.” It ends up on earth: “The nations will walk by its light, and the kings of the earth will bring their glory into it. Its gates will never be shut by day—and there will be no night there. People will bring into it the glory and the honor of the nations” (21:24-26).

One of the reasons this leave-earth-behind model is attractive is that we’re often ambivalent toward matter in general and our bodies in particular. Our bodies at best a sort of first stage on a rocket that will be discarded when their work is done? That’s a venerable philosophy, but it’s not Christian. God raised Jesus from the dead, and Jesus appeared to his disciples still bearing his wounds in his body. Paul tells us “flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God,” because we need much more substantial bodies to experience the joy and glory of God’s presence.

With Paul, to be absent from the body is to be present with the Lord (2 Cor 5:8). That’s the part we get right. What we can forget is that the New Testament regards “absent from the body” as a temporary measure, and looks in expectant hope to being re-clothed in transformed bodies that will last. Verse 4 of “Light’s abode, celestial Salem” (Hymnal 621) gets it right:

O how glorious and resplendent, fragile body, shalt thou be,
when endued with heavenly beauty, full of health, and strong, and free,
full of vigor, full of pleasure that shall last eternally!

Paraphrasing N.T. Wright’s Surprised by hope, what God did for Jesus at Easter God is going to do for the whole cosmos.

Jesus’ parable assumes the same scenario Paul assumed: joyfully meeting the Lord/the Bridegroom. But while Paul’s words suggest something immediate, Jesus’ words assume some delay. Paul’s words console; Jesus’ words warn: the wise/foolish contrast remains important.

“When the foolish took their lamps, they took no oil with them; but the wise took flasks of oil with their lamps.” As you can imagine, there’s a long and inconclusive conversation among commentators regarding what that “oil” signifies. It’s more helpful, I think, to notice the echoes of the ending of the Sermon on the Mount. The wise building on the rock, the foolish building on the sand: the difference is whether one has acted on Jesus’ words. And that “Truly I tell you, I do not know you” recall the words just before that rock/sand parable:

“Not everyone who says to me, ‘Lord, Lord,’ will enter the kingdom of heaven, but only the one who does the will of my Father in heaven. On that day many will say to me, ‘Lord, Lord, did we not prophesy in your name, and cast out demons in your name, and do many deeds of power in your name?’ Then I will declare to them, ‘I never knew you; go away from me, you evildoers’” (Matt. 7:21-23).

So we’re back to Joshua’s “choose this day whom you will serve,” now with the wisdom that it’s about more than waving the right banner. Whether I’m acting on Jesus’ words, doing the will of our heavenly Father, that shows whom I’m serving. The wise understand this; the foolish have lost sight of it. And the more time passes, the easier it is to lose sight of it.

Where does that leave each of us, in which both wisdom and folly are in play? Well, praying with today’s collect: “Grant that, having this hope, we may purify ourselves as he is pure; that, when he comes again with power and great glory, we may be made like him.” Purity—single mindedness, consistency in whom we’re serving—is an ongoing project. “When he comes again…we may be made like him”—so we don’t expect that project to be completed in this life. But we keep working on it, for God’s burning desire is that we enter with joy into the wedding banquet.

Readings (Track 1)

Today’s readings: on the one hand, each part of a semi-continuous reading (the leadership transition from Moses to Joshua, Paul’s first letter to the Thessalonians, Jesus’ final days of public ministry), on the other hand, each speaking in its own way to the question of appropriate leadership. Let’s start with the simpler texts.

Leadership transitions are often tricky. Moses has died; how will Joshua be received? That question sets the agenda. As we heard the Lord say to Joshua, “This day I will begin to exalt you in the sight of all Israel, so that they may know that I will be with you as I was with Moses.” So there’s a sort of reenactment of the crossing of the Red Sea under Moses in the crossing of the Jordan under Joshua, all Israel again walking through on dry ground. So no question that leadership is important, and needs to be respected.

But is leadership about serving or being served? That question sets the agenda for the remaining readings. We can use today’s psalm to set the benchmark: “Give thanks to the Lord, for he is good, * and his mercy endures for ever.” Or, from Isaiah: “Listen to me, O house of Jacob, all the remnant of the house of Israel, who have been borne by me from your birth, carried from the womb; even to your old age I am he, even when you turn gray I will carry you. I have made, and I will bear; I will carry and will save” (46:3-4). Of all the lies told about God, hard to think of a more damaging one than that God’s about being served, not serving. For that—of course—underwrites our assumptions about how to do leadership.

Paul gets it right (our second reading): “You remember our labor and toil, brothers and sisters; we worked night and day, so that we might not burden any of you while we proclaimed to you the gospel of God. You are witnesses, and God also, how pure, upright, and blameless our conduct was toward you believers.”

And then there’s today’s Gospel. Within Matthew’s story line it sets us up for the Passion. If this is what current Jewish leadership is like, if they get their hands on Jesus, it won’t end well. In the context in which Matthew’s writing the Gospel, it looks like part of the struggle of the early Church and rabbinic Judaism to self-define vis à vis each other.

But before going further, let’s notice that truly remarkable beginning: “The scribes and the Pharisees sit on Moses’ seat; therefore, do whatever they teach you and follow it.” This is unique to Matthew, as is, early in the Sermon on the Mount, “For truly I tell you, until heaven and earth pass away, not one letter, not one stroke of a letter, will pass from the law until all is accomplished.” As you recall, in the New Testament there are vigorous arguments over which parts of Moses remain binding, and for whom. Matthew’s Jesus is clear: all of Moses is binding on Jewish Cristians, and the scribes and Pharisees are reliable interpreters of it, even as their conduct leaves much to be desired.

So back to that conduct: leadership about serving or being served. The arguments between the early Church and rabbinic Judaism made it too easy for later readers to assume that the scribes’ and Pharisees’ problem was that they were Jewish, to ignore Jesus’ exhortations to his followers.

Well, what of those exhortations? Call no one “rabbi…father…instructor.” So as long as we don’t use those three words we can use “bishop, your holiness,” etc? That doesn’t sound right. I think it’s more like this: never underestimate the cultural/societal pull to treat leadership as about being served. As the Lord said to Cain “sin is lurking at the door; its desire is for you, but you must master it” (Gen. 4:7). And too often—e.g., the stories that continue to break re sexual abuse of minors—we’ve done about as well as Cain did.

I’ve been talking about leadership. So those of us who don’t think of themselves as leaders are off the hook? Sorry. No matter where we are on the totem poll or in the pecking order there’s some sphere that we see as ours, that sphere is which we either—yup—serve or get served.

Today I’ve noticed two strong headwinds, the pressure to believe that God’s about being served, the pressure to believe that leadership is about being served. They’re connected. So—here’s the good news—any progress we can make with the one will help us with the other. As my poor image of God is increasingly the God who serves, it will be easier—more natural—for me to use whatever power I have to serve. As I use whatever power I have to serve it will be easier—more natural—to believe that that’s what God’s about.

Again, from Isaiah: “Listen to me, O house of Jacob, all the remnant of the house of Israel, who have been borne by me from your birth, carried from the womb; even to your old age I am he, even when you turn gray I will carry you. I have made, and I will bear; I will carry and will save.”

Or, more succinctly from today’s psalm: “Give thanks to the Lord, for he is good, * / and his mercy endures for ever.” That’s a mantra to take into the coming week.

Readings

“Blessed are the poor in spirit, those who mourn, the meek…” Where is Jesus getting this? If we pay attention to the words, it really looks like a riff off that Isaiah text Jesus read in the synagogue at Nazareth: “The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because he has anointed me to bring good news to the poor. He has sent me to proclaim release to the captives and recovery of sight to the blind, to let the oppressed go free” (Lk. 4:18).

That Isaiah text is worth noticing for a couple reasons. First, that the poor in spirit, those who mourn, the meek, etc. are blessed depends on the presence of this anointed one. That uncountable multitude robed in white in John’s vision: blessed because “the Lamb at the center of the throne will be their shepherd, and he will guide them to springs of the water of life.”

Second, while in the part Jesus read the poor are the recipients of the good news, as the text progresses, they’re empowered to enact the good news: “They shall build up the ancient ruins, they shall raise up the former devastations; they shall repair the ruined cities, the devastations of many generations” (Isa 61:4). Their character as described in the Beatitudes makes that possible: hungering and thirsting for righteousness, merciful, peacemakers. And that “virtuous and godly living” (as the collect puts it) is what we’re celebrating tonight: Jesus’ coming bears fruit, that uncountable multitude that John describes. Christmas, Epiphany, Holy Week, Ascension, Pentecost: these actually produce something. There is a harvest. All Saints is our harvest festival. The Church: the field for growing saints. As Paul writes “I planted, Apollo watered, but God gave the growth” (! Cor 3:6).

“The Spirit of the Lord is upon me” Jesus read. There’s a snapshot of the Holy Trinity: “the Spirit of the Lord is upon me.” And against all odds—recall the multiple times God’s people snatch defeat from the jaws of victory, or Paul in Galatians (“I am afraid that my work for you may have been wasted“ [4:11])—the Holy Trinity triumphs. So we celebrate, and could easily tie off the sermon here.

Or not. For even as we celebrate, it’s hard to ignore the deep—shall we say—ambiguities in that saint-growing field. Particularly in these days, whether the conflicting ways we do politics or the conflicting faces we present to the surrounding culture. Now, as it happens our Jewish sisters and brothers read Kohelet (our Ecclesiastes) at their harvest festival (the Feast of Booths/Tabernacles); what if we listen to Kohelet at ours? Kohelet, that teacher in post Alexander the Great Jerusalem as economic globalization and Greek culture were unsettling pretty much everything. “Blessed are the poor in spirit”—and who is poorer in spirit than Kohelet (“Vanity of vanity, all is vanity.”)? In the midst of our celebration Kohelet can help us manage our expectations, and that in at least five ways.

First, this side of John’s vision, there’s no escaping Kohelet’s “vanity.” So Paul in Romans: “for the creation was subjected to futility…and not only the creation, but we ourselves, who have the first fruits of the Spirit, groan inwardly while we wait for adoption, the redemption of our bodies” (Rom. 8:20-23). Or, as Kohelet puts it “Dead flies make the perfumer’s ointment give off a foul odor; so a little folly outweighs wisdom and honor” (Eccl. 10:1). When in the Creed we say “For us and for our salvation he came down from heaven,” this is the world Jesus enters. Barnabas walks; Jesus is crucified.

Second, while Scripture from Genesis to Revelation gives us a true overview of our history, an overview we variously celebrate in our major feasts, recall this: “He has made everything suitable for its time; moreover he has put a eternity into their minds, yet they cannot find out what God has done from the beginning to the end” (Eccl. 3:11 NRS*). The Holy Trinity will triumph. There will be a glorious harvest. Amen. How will the Holy Trinity triumph? We strain to even imagine an answer. Recall the wildly divergent ways we’ve read Revelation through the centuries! And the more attention we pay to our world, the more difficult even imagining an answer becomes. That patch of earth on the eastern Mediterranean: “the holy land”?

Third, there’s no magic program out there, just waiting to be discovered. Kohelet: “Send out your bread upon the waters, for after many days you will get it back. Divide your means seven ways, or even eight, for you do not know what disaster may happen on earth” (11:1-2). Improvisation: I think Kohelet would have liked that word. Recall Paul’s encouragement: “Try to find out what is pleasing to the Lord” (Eph. 5:10). As we’re inspired by the saints, let’s be inspired by their commitment to improv.

Fourth, while I am constantly grateful for and nurtured by the saints in Lesser Feasts and Fasts—such an astonishing variety of ways of being faithful—such collections tempt us to assume that faithfulness is always or usually effective. But Kohelet: “Again I saw that under the sun the race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong, nor bread to the wise, nor riches to the intelligent, nor favor to the skillful; but time and chance happen to them all” (9:11). Our best efforts may turn out to be completely forgettable—except by God. Faithfulness: that’s in our hands. Whether that faithfulness is effective is not. That’s a burden we don’t need to carry.

Fifth, Kohelet’s ending: “Fear God, and keep his commandments, for this is every person” (Ellen Davis’ translation), roughly “this is what constitutes our humanity.” Despite the vanity, despite how often it’s pitch black, we’re not stuck with discouragement and despair, not stuck with being stuck. Fear God; keep the commandments (Love this God, love our neighbor.) And the ending—far beyond what Kohelet allows himself to hope—the light and joy of John’s vision. There is a harvest; this harvest festival is well worth celebrating.

“Amen! Blessing and glory and wisdom 
and thanksgiving and honor 
and power and might 
be to our God forever and ever! Amen.”

Readings (Track 1)

Like an editor who knows a good story when she sees it, Matthew has followed Mark’s account of Jesus’ confrontation with the religious leaders with little change. It started with Jesus entering Jerusalem in triumph, with the crowds shouting messianic slogans and Jesus promptly cleansing the temple. The religious leaders challenged him: “By what authority are you doing these things…” (21:23) and Jesus’ response, pointing to John the Baptist and their failure to respond to John’s call to repentance in turn challenges their authority. Jesus tells parables: two sons sent to work in the vineyard, the vineyard owner whose tenants don’t even respect his son, the king who hosts a wedding banquet only to find that the guests refuse to come. The Pharisees and Herodians try to trap him with a question about taxes. The Sadducees try to trap him with a hypothetical about the resurrection. And then there’s today’s text.

“Teacher, which commandment in the law is the greatest?” (22:36) Matthew—in contrast to Mark—hears this question as another test. Jesus responds by putting together two commandments from the law: “You shall love the Lord your God…”, the commandment that’s the immediate continuation of the Shema (Dt 6:5), and “You shall love your neighbor as yourself,” which occurs at a pivotal point in Leviticus’ description of what it means for Israel to be holy as the Lord Himself is holy (Lev 19:18).

“Love the Lord your God…love your neighbor as yourself.” In a longer sermon we could look at the ways Moses in the first reading and Paul in the second reading show us what this looks like. Instead, I’d invite you to take the insert home and make the connections yourselves during the week. And this, in turn, sets us up for our celebration of All Saints this Wednesday (November 1), in which we remember the saints who have shown us this double love in a breathtaking variety of ways.

We’ll return to Jesus’ summary of the law, but let’s first attend to the rest of the Gospel reading. After all the leaders’ questions, Jesus has a question for them: “What do you think of the Messiah? Whose son is he?”

The Pharisees, predictably, respond that the Messiah is the son of David. Jesus responds with this: “How is it then that David by the Spirit calls him Lord, saying ‘The Lord said to my Lord, “Sit at my right hand until I put your enemies under your feet”’? If David thus calls him Lord, how can he be his son?” (vv.43-45). In the psalm the language is typical of a royal psalm: “The Lord (God) said to my Lord (the king).” And—everyone there assumes—David is the speaker, and speaking under the inspiration of the Spirit. So David, speaking “by the Spirit” is calling one of his own descendants “my Lord,” which is not the expected language of a father to a son. Take that psalm seriously, Jesus says, and you discover that the Messiah is qualitatively more than a son of David. As St Paul puts it at the start of the letter to the Romans (written considerably earlier than Matthew’s Gospel): “the gospel concerning his Son, who was descended from David according to the flesh and was declared to be Son of God with power according to the spirit of holiness by resurrection from the dead” (1:3-4a). These texts are from the first, not the fourth century, but they point the Church in the direction of the 4^th century Nicene Creed: “We believe in one Lord, Jesus Christ, the only Son of God.”

Now, whatever else the Messiah is, the Messiah is the paradigmatic Israelite, the Israelite who models how to love the Lord God and one’s neighbor. So what has Jesus the Messiah shown us about loving the Lord God and loving the neighbor?

Not surprisingly, an important part of loving the Lord God is obeying the Lord God. So Jesus in the wilderness in conversation with Satan does not “wing it” but by means of Holy Scripture discerns the obedient response to each of the temptations. And obedience turns out to be the entrance to a whole world: “Look at the birds of the air; they neither sow nor reap nor gather into barns, and yet your heavenly Father feeds them. Are you not of more value than they?” (6:26) That sort of invitation isn’t spur-of-the-moment; it’s the product of sustained attention, letting God’s reality shape experience. Often Jesus’ most challenging words flow from this transformed imagination: “Love your enemies…” Why? “so that you may be children of your father in heaven; for he makes his sun rise on the evil and on the good…”

And so we’ve slid into what Jesus the Messiah might show us about loving the neighbor. We might start with the healings and exorcisms, remembering Matthew’s comment “This was to fulfill what had been spoken through the prophet Isaiah, ‘He took our infirmities and bore our diseases’” (8:17). These healings and exorcisms come, Matthew suggests, at some personal cost to Jesus. Or we might think of the feeding of the five thousand, which again, with its Eucharistic overtones, suggests something of what it costs the Messiah to love the neighbor. In these and other cases Jesus’ love is easiest to recognize when it encounters those who recognize their need (that phrase being one way of translating the first beatitude’s “poor in spirit”).Jesus’ love is less obviously recognizable when it encounters those who are self-sufficient, those who have it together. Jesus loves them too much to leave them undisturbed, which disturbances finally lead to Jesus’ cross.

“You shall love your neighbor as yourself.” God can give that command with integrity because that’s what God does, “[making] his sun rise on the evil and on the good, and [sending] rain on the righteous and on the unrighteous” (5:45). In a daring metaphor, an old spiritual uses the bosom of Abraham for that divine love:

So high, can’t get over it.
So low, can’t get under it.
So wide, can’t get round it.
O, rock my soul.

“Love the Lord your God; love your neighbor as yourself.” That’s an invitation into a new world. More precisely, it’s an invitation to join the Lord in birthing that new world. Now, if we can just remember that come Monday morning…

Readings (Track 1)

Dogs and cats: the dog thinks you’re god; the cat knows he’s god. After all, who cleans whose litter box? Likewise, when we say “so-and-so thinks he’s god,” we usually mean that he thinks everyone should serve him.

So what’s being God, being like God about? That’s where today’s readings get interesting.

At the center of our second reading there’s a striking hymn. Scholars tend to think it was already circulating among the churches when Paul wrote this letter. Paul uses it to ground his plea that his readers change their behavior: “be of the same mind, having the same love, being in full accord and of one mind. Do nothing from selfish ambition or conceit, but in humility regard others as better than yourselves. Let each of you look not to your own interests, but to the interests of others.” Why? “Let the same mind be in you that was in Christ Jesus…”

By the way, I’m focusing on this second reading not because I think you’re particularly in need of hearing this plea, but because it gives us an opportunity to step back to contemplate our mental pictures of God.

In the NRSV the hymn begins “who, though he was in the form of God.” That word “though” is supplied by the translators; the KJV reads simply “Who, being in the form of God.” It probably gets us off on the wrong foot, suggesting that Jesus did something unexpected of divinity. Rather, Jesus acts divinely precisely in treating divinity as something not to be exploited, and takes the form of a slave. Creation—recalling Paul’s words in Romans 8—“subjected to futility,” in “bondage to decay,” “groaning in labor pains until now” (vv.20-22), so, in the spirit of that sign on Truman’s desk (“The buck stops here”) the Holy Trinity through Jesus does what is needed to set things right.

And that, the hymn joyfully reminds us, is what being God is about. No wonder Paul writes “work out your own salvation with fear and trembling,” because of the devil’s many lies, that living like the gods means doing whatever we want and letting others pick up the tab has perhaps sunk in the deepest. So working out our salvation is not first about additional hours at prayer, additional mortifications of the flesh, even increasing our giving, but about the work of actually hearing and responding to our neighbors, maybe particularly the ones we’d rather ignore.

And what this can do for our imaginations! Our first reading tells of God providing water in the desert. Toward the end of the text the Lord tells Moses to strike the rock, not a rock. The rabbis, who thought nothing in Scripture was accidental, wondered about that. They concluded that the text was talking about the rock that the Lord had provided, the rock that followed the people and continued to provide water during their trek. Paul, recalling that story in his first letter to the Corinthians, has an “ah hah” moment: “and the rock was Christ” (10:4). That’s the sort of thing God does.

Nothing more human than to desire to live like the gods. The Living God has no problem with that, as long as we’re clear on how God lives. In the New Testament today’s Philippians focuses on that. In the Old Testament the psalms celebrating God’s creating are a rich source for the healing of our imaginations. Those lines from Ps 104 for example:
“All of them look to you
to give them their food in due season.
You give it to them; they gather it in;
you open your hand, and they are filled with good things. (vv.18-19)

Each table grace is an opportunity to refocus.

Then there’s that pair of Psalms, 111 and 112. Both are acrostic, arranged by the letters of the Hebrew alphabet. Psalm 111 celebrates God’s character, Psalm 112 the character of the righteous, common vocabulary highlighting the imitation. Let’s read them together (BCP 754):

Ps 111

1 Hallelujah!
I will give thanks to the Lord with my whole heart, *
in the assembly of the upright, in the congregation.
2 Great are the deeds of the Lord! *
they are studied by all who delight in them.
3 His work is full of majesty and splendor, *
and his righteousness endures for ever.
4 He makes his marvelous works to be remembered; *
the Lord is gracious and full of compassion.
5 He gives food to those who fear him; *
he is ever mindful of his covenant.
6 He has shown his people the power of his works *
in giving them the lands of the nations.
7 The works of his hands are faithfulness and justice; *
all his commandments are sure.
8 They stand fast for ever and ever, *
because they are done in truth and equity.
9 He sent redemption to his people;
he commanded his covenant for ever; *
holy and awesome is his Name.
10 The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom; *
those who act accordingly have a good understanding;
his praise endures for ever.

Psalm 112

1 Hallelujah!
Happy are they who fear the Lord *
and have great delight in his commandments!
2 Their descendants will be mighty in the land; *
the generation of the upright will be blessed.
3 Wealth and riches will be in their house, *
and their righteousness will last for ever.
4 Light shines in the darkness for the upright; *
the righteous are merciful and full of compassion.
5 It is good for them to be generous in lending *
and to manage their affairs with justice.
6 For they will never be shaken; *
the righteous will be kept in everlasting remembrance.
7 They will not be afraid of any evil rumors; *
their heart is right; they put their trust in the Lord.
8 Their heart is established and will not shrink, *
until they see their desire upon their enemies.
9 They have given freely to the poor, *
and their righteousness stands fast for ever;
they will hold up their head with honor.
10 The wicked will see it and be angry;
they will gnash their teeth and pine away; *
the desires of the wicked will perish.

When Paul came to Thessalonica, there was soon a crowd crying out “These people who have been turning the world upside down have come here also” (Acts 17:6). Continuing Jesus’ pattern of service, we get to contribute to that process. Amen.

Readings (Track 1)

“Hear what the Spirit is saying to the Churches” we say. Well, what might the Spirit be saying to us through today’s readings? Let’s take the Gospel first, then the other readings.

Over the last two Sundays we’ve been hearing Jesus describe the practices necessary for this “church” project to not go sideways: humility, attentiveness, responsiveness, and forgiveness—as often as necessary. We could hear today’s parable as a continuation of that description, now focusing on the recurrent temptation to say “we’ve done the heavy lifting; that should be recognized.” Maybe originally it was what the Jewish Christians were saying regarding the Gentile Christians: OK, they can come on board, but keep them in economy class. But it can play out in multiple ways—we’re good at recognizing what might give us an edge—and Jesus is warning us that God’s kingdom doesn’t work like that. (So there’s considerable overlap with what we heard Paul saying a few weeks back: “Live in harmony with one another; do not be haughty…” [Rom. 12:16]).

The other readings. Toward the end of our second reading just after mentioning “your salvation” we hear “For he has graciously granted you the privilege not only of believing in Christ, but of suffering for him as well.” What do we make of that? Whether on radio stations, TV channels, or the internet it’s easy to hear that salvation—if we really have enough faith—means being in a bubble in which Nothing Bad Happens. Scripture can be dragged in, like the text the devil used with Jesus (“For he will command his angels concerning you… so that you will not dash your foot against a stone” [Ps. 91:11-12]), conveniently omitting “When they call to me, I will answer them; I will be with them in trouble, I will rescue them and honor them” (Ps. 91:15). Even in this psalm full of over-the-top promises of protection there’s plenty of space for trouble and the need for rescue.

Paul has put salvation and suffering together. How does that work? In our first reading the Israelites are suffering, facing starvation, and the meager rations in Egypt are looking pretty good. God provides—miraculously—food in the wilderness. Praise is possible also in the wilderness.

Let’s extrapolate, thinking about that stretch before the quails and manna arrive. The suffering that touches us and those we care about is often physical. The healings in the Gospels, the healings that we witness today attest to the endgame: God desires our health, our flourishing. And God desires our healing solidarity with our neighbors, that God’s love be visible in the midst of this creation’s suffering. Recall Paul: the creation “subjected to futility,” now in “its bondage to decay,” “groaning in labor pains until now” (Rom. 8:20-22). Except in extreme cases I have choices in suffering: my suffering is all that matters—or not; I’m patient with my care-givers—or not; I nurture hope—or not; etc. Elsewhere Paul gives us another way of thinking about this: “Even though our outer nature is wasting away, our inner nature is being renewed day by day. For this slight momentary affliction is preparing us for an eternal weight of glory beyond all measure” (2 Cor. 4:16-17). As we pray for those on our prayer list, we pray for their healing and we pray that in the midst of their suffering they may be a blessing to those around them. As Jesus put it “The kingdom of heaven is like yeast that a woman took and mixed in with three measures of flour until all of it was leavened.” (Matt. 13:33). Empowered by the Spirit, the choices I make in my suffering are part of that yeast. Or, as the SEALs put it, “I am never out of the fight.”

Let’s come at this from a different angle. The suffering Paul’s talking about in our second reading is from the government: some mix of Empire and local elites. We’re in a different, but no less challenging, situation. One of the confessions we often use speaks of “the evil that enslaves us, the evil we have done, and the evil done on our behalf.” As the Wall Street Journal reports, Exxon’s scientists were warning back in 1977 that fossil fuels were contributing to global warming while the company continued to downplay that contribution.[1] And on our southern border, razor wire on floating barricades. We can be thankful the Holy Family fleeing Herod did not have to cross there.

Whether at the top or bottom of the totem pole the options look pretty limited. This is captured powerfully in Brecht’s Three Penny Opera. The translation is stilted, but therefore appropriate for a Sunday morning.“Of course I am unfortunately right, / The world is poor and man is bad. / We would be good—instead of coarse / But circumstances just aren’t so.” Salvation: not being trapped in this dog-eat-dog script. Salvation, again, not being cocooned from this world, but having new options. “Father, forgive them; for they do not know what they are doing” (Lk. 23:34). To rewind three weeks, it’s about Paul’s “Do not be overcome by evil, but overcome evil with good” (Rom. 12:21), about Gerhard Lohfink’s argument that “the consequences of sin have to be worked off,” or as Martin Luther King Jr encouraged those attempting to desegregate municipal buses, “Be loving enough to absorb evil and understanding enough to turn an enemy into a friend.” Suffering and salvation.

Back to Paul: “For he has graciously granted you the privilege not only of believing in Christ, but of suffering for him as well.” “Graciously”? “Privilege”? This is not the world we would have designed, but it’s the world in which we find ourselves, a world constantly threatening to rob us of any meaningful agency. But God in Christ has restored that agency, so that with Christ we may continue the project of—as the Jews put it—healing the world. Praise is possible also in the wilderness, and even before the quails and manna show up.

[1] See https://www.npr.org/2023/09/14/1199570023/exxon-climate-change-fossil-fuels-global-warming-oil-gas, accessed 9/18/2023.

Readings (Track 1)

Last week’s reading dropped us into the middle of Jesus’ description of the sort of people we need to be for this ‘church’ to function properly: humble, attentive, responsive, and ready to engage in some fairly risky behavior when a member of the church sinned against us. (“If another member of the church sins against you, go and point out the fault when the two of you are alone.”) The obvious question: how often do we need to repeat that procedure?

There’s some evidence that similar questions had been addressed by other rabbis. Sometimes they went back to the prophet Amos. We repeatedly encounter this in the first two chapters: “Thus says the LORD: For three transgressions of Damascus, and for four, I will not revoke the punishment” (Amos 1:3). So forgive three times (somewhat more generous than the three strikes rule)? Peter, doubling that number and adding one for good measure, may have thought he was at the upper end of the possible options. “Lord, how often shall my brother sin against me, and I forgive him? As many as seven times?” Jesus’ response “I do not say to you seven times, but seventy times seven,” would have been a surprise. Other translations give “seventy-seven times;” in either case the point is that it’s effectively an unlimited number of times.

So Jesus explains with a parable. The kingdom of heaven is like a king who sets out to settle accounts with his servants, and immediately encounters one who owes an astronomical sum. The king orders him and his family sold to begin settling the debt; the servant begs for mercy; the king has pity, releases him, forgives the debt. (That would—we might think—have been a really good place to end the parable.)  The servant goes out and encounters a fellow servant who owes him a modest sum. The scene (calling in of the debt, the pleading for mercy) is repeated, but the servant/creditor refuses to show mercy and delivers the fellow-servant to prison. Other servants see all this, report it to the king, and the first servant is soon before the king again: “’You wicked servant! I forgave you all that debt because you besought me; and should not you have had mercy on your fellow servant, as I had mercy on you?’ And in anger his lord delivered him to the jailers, till he should pay all his debt. So also my heavenly Father will do to every one of you, if you do not forgive your brother from your heart.”

The parable hinges two things: (1) the staggering contrast between the amount the servant owed to the king and the amount his fellow-servant owed him, (2) the conviction that receiving mercy established an obligation to show mercy. Jesus’ last words (“So also my heavenly Father will do to every one of you, if you do not forgive your brother from your heart.”) leave no doubt regarding the parable’s interpretation.

“One was brought to him who owed him ten thousand talents…” That’s Jesus’ description of the predicament each one of us is in before God. It summarizes the communal confessions scattered throughout the Old Testament which are in turn reflected in our confessions (“we have erred and strayed from thy ways like lost sheep, we have followed too much the devices and desires of our own hearts, we have offended against thy holy laws…”). Were God to even begin to “get tough on crime” each of us would be in an impossible situation. The Good News of the Gospel is that we don’t get what we deserve.

In context, as I suggested, these verses are a continuation of Jesus’ description of the sort of people we need to be for the church to function. What they add to the preceding verses is not only the teaching that we should be prepared to forgive fellow believers an unlimited number of times, but the reminder that this willingness properly flows from an awareness of how much we’ve been forgiven. Let’s stay with this a bit longer…

In contrast to some regrettable forms of popular piety, God is not interested in emphasizing the depth of the hole we’ve dug for ourselves outside the double call to gratitude and generosity (as in this text). Today’s text is the only time in this Gospel that the crushing debt that God has forgiven is stressed, and it’s precisely in the context of the implicit obligation of gratitude and the explicit obligation of generosity. (Parenthetically, it would be hard to overestimate the role of gratitude in making forgiveness possible—but that would be another sermon.

Besides stressing the importance of forgiveness, the parable is a sort of “you are here” map. Like the unforgiving servant we’re in the space between the receipt of God’s forgiveness (our Baptism), and an accounting regarding our forgiveness of others (the Last Judgment). We don’t earn our salvation, but, as this parable warns, we’re capable of trashing it.

In other words, while our salvation is free in the sense that we don’t buy it, it is not free in the no-strings-attached sense. Jesus makes this explicit in presenting and explaining what we call “the Lord’s Prayer.” “And forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors.” That is, in fact, the only clause in the Lord’s Prayer that our Lord footnotes: “For if you forgive others their trespasses, your heavenly Father will also forgive you; but if you do not forgive others, neither will your Father forgive your trespasses.” And this obligation to forgive is, in turn, also an expression of the Sermon on the Mount’s call to “Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you” (Mt 5:44). Implicit in all this is the logic of the parable: we’re to love our enemies because God loved us when we were His enemies (Rom 5).

“Forgive us our sins as we forgive those who sin against us.” The simplicity of the petition can be misleading, for forgiveness is some of the hardest work we do as Christians. Some things we can forgive easily; some things we may spend a lifetime trying to get to the point of being able to desire to be able to forgive. In Letters to Malcolm: Chiefly on Prayer C.S. Lewis writes “Last week, while at prayer, I suddenly discovered—or felt as if I did—that I had really forgiven someone I had been trying to forgive for over 30 years. Trying, and praying that I might” (p.106).

To step back a little from the parable, to forgive, obviously, is not to say that the debt or offense doesn’t matter. The claims of justice are recognized—and suspended. As in the parable, the debt is wiped from the books. With regard to that now-cancelled debt, the person I forgive does not owe me anything. This gives the relationship a future—but it doesn’t determine what that future will be. To say “I forgive you” is not to say “I’m going to pretend that it never happened, and things will continue just as they have been.” So, for example, a Christian in an abusive relationship has the obligation to work to be able to forgive the abuser, but that obligation, that forgiveness, does not mean staying vulnerable to that abuse. As in the first lesson, the first priority is often to get Israel out of Egypt.

But back to the parable, where the first servant says “Have patience with me, and I will pay you everything.” And contrary to all reasonable expectation: “And out of pity for him, the lord…released him and forgave him that debt.” May we let that moment in the parable sink in deep and transform our very being.

Readings (Track 1)

“If another member of the church sins against you…” Well, fight-or-flight kicks in. Fight-or-flight may mean:

• Watch for an opportunity to get even.

• Say nothing.

• Withdraw from the church.

Or some combination of all of the above. Not only are these responses we’ve been honing since the playground, they’re the responses that help maintain our sometimes precarious place as a species at the top of the food chain. And here is Jesus saying: “go and point out the fault when the two of you are alone.” How do we make sense of this?

Let’s circle around it…

Two weeks ago we heard Jesus’ ^“And I tell you, you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church…” (Mat 16:18 NRSV). On Jesus’ lips ‘church’ does not have an obvious pre-defined meaning; Jesus needs to explain what this ‘church’ is, what it’s for, how it will operate. Today’s lesson is part of that explanation. Last week we heard Jesus’ confrontation with Peter, and his words “If any want to become my followers, let them deny themselves and take up their cross and follow me.” “Take up their cross…” is an open-ended metaphor; Jesus’ words today give it some specificity, not in relation to the Romans, but in relation to other members of the church.

Now vv.15ff are counter-intuitive enough, dangerous enough if done badly, that Matthew prepares for them in vv.1-14. The disciples are called to humility, the humility of a child. Humility, notice, is relational. I can no more be humble by myself than I can play tennis by myself. Humility describes a particular way of living with others. The humble person does not engage in the game of increasing their status at the expense of others. The humble person is thereby free to welcome those like a child of “lower” status. And notice the punchline: “Whoever welcomes one such child in my name welcomes me.”

Vv.6-11, using the metaphor of a stumbling block, call us to careful attention to the effects of our actions on others—and on ourselves. The others, described as “little ones who believe in me” are probably not simply literal children, but vulnerable church members. And then Jesus’ attention shifts to the ways we trip ourselves up. We’re called to a certain ruthlessness. Like a cancer that is harmless if caught quickly but fatal if allowed to grow, our sins too quickly move from things we control to things that control us.

Vv.12-14 take the careful attention a step further. It’s not just a matter of avoiding stumbling blocks, but of actively seeking those who are going astray. In Luke’s Gospel this parable serves to explain Jesus’ behavior, Jesus the Good Shepherd. Here in Matthew it’s describing the role of every disciple.

Vv.1-14 as a whole call the disciples to humility, attentiveness, and responsiveness. All the disciples; all the members of the church. It’s in that context, and perhaps only in that context, that vv.15-20 make sense. “If another member of the church sins against you…” then you are the shepherd who must seek out this lost sheep. A series of increasingly public steps are identified. The last “let such a one be to you as a Gentile and a tax collector” in Stanley Hauerwas’ words “is not to throw someone out of the church, but rather an attempt to help them see that they have become a stumbling block and are, therefore, already out of the church. Excommunication is a call to come home by undergoing the appropriate penance” (Matthew 165).

“Truly I tell you, whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven.” We tend to think of our relationship to God as one thing, and our relationship to any particular parish as another. Our relationship to God is a given; we look for a parish that will nurture it. Jesus appears to have something else in mind. It is as a member of a parish that we are able to relate to God. “On this rock I will build my church,” within the church those who believe will grow in the knowledge and love of God. The progression is not, if you will, God-individual-church, but God-church-individual.

This vision of the people of God as the context for our growth in the knowledge and love of God helps us avoid the most common mis-application of vv.6-11. We hear “If your hand or your foot causes you to stumble, cut it off and throw it away…” and fear that this is a call to self-surgery. Since Jesus is dealing with us not as isolated individuals but as members of a Body, the instructions assume that each individual is in serious enough conversations with other Christians, relationships of mutual accountability perhaps, so that the offending hand or foot can be properly identified. This is another reason why the local body of Christ needs to be diverse, so that these fellow members are not simply echoing a single subculture’s assumptions and perceptions.

The church plays this role not because its members are such splendid people. Today’s text has reminded us that it’s composed of people who have to be reminded to become like children, exhorted to stop putting stumbling blocks in front of others and themselves, exhorted to go out and seek those who wander. Explicit provision has to be made—up front—for one sinning against another. And in next week’s reading we encounter the sober truth that if the church is going to function, it will be because its members are prepared to forgive each other not seven times, but seventy times seven. What sets the church apart is not the splendor of its members, but its way of dealing with our frailty and cussedness. Today’s and next week’s lessons make it clear that beneath our preferred veneers we’re ornery varmints (badgers, if you like), and that our salvation lies in learning together how to live together with Jesus as our center.

Rowan Williams, former Archbishop of Canterbury, has a splendid book on the Christian life (The Wound of Knowledge) in which he talks about growth as a Christian as a process of decentering, learning to live without treating myself as my center. What today’s text adds to that perception: decentering happens not through an esoteric set of spiritual exercises but in the daily disciplines of humility, attentiveness, and responsiveness, particularly toward “the least of these.”

Is Jesus really serious? The vision of life in the church laid out in today’s reading is so foreign to our natural instincts that it is hard not to see the doctrines which divide the churches as a mammoth exercise in avoidance: if we can argue about the Pope, predestination, the Eucharist, we can put off dealing with Jesus’ vision of a very risky common life.

The church: an interconnected body of folk who are learning to be humble, attentive, responsive. There are opportunities throughout the week to test that vision. There are even opportunities during coffee hour. Let’s see if Jesus knows what he’s talking about.

Readings (Track 1)

“Do not be overcome by evil, but overcome evil with good.” How does one overcome evil? How does God overcome evil? That’s one of the questions that runs through both the Old and New Testaments, and that comes into focus in today’s readings.

Very early on Genesis takes up and discards one popular answer to that question. Consider the narrator’s words before and after Noah’s flood. Before the flood:

“The LORD saw that the wickedness of humankind was great in the earth, and that every inclination of the thoughts of their hearts was only evil continually.” (Gen. 6:5)

And after the flood, as Noah offers a sacrifice:

“And when the LORD smelled the pleasing odor, the LORD said in his heart, ‘I will never again curse the ground because of humankind, for the inclination of the human heart is evil from youth; nor will I ever again destroy every living creature as I have done.’” (Gen. 8:21)

The flood sweeps away the evil-doers, but leaves the evil in the heart untouched. Aleksandre Solzhenitsyn nails it in The Gulag Archipelago: “If only there were evil people somewhere insidiously committing evil deeds, and it were necessary only to separate them from the rest of us and destroy them. But the line dividing good and evil cuts through the heart of every human being. And who is willing to destroy a piece of his own heart?”

In the coming weeks we’ll hear God through Moses bringing Israel out of Egypt. On one hand, it’s clearly about overcoming evil. On the other hand, it accomplishes less than we might have hoped. Moses ascends Sinai to receive the law, and the just-freed Israelites decide that what they really need is that golden calf.

Well, maybe God overcomes evil by overwriting the operating system? Jeremiah’s words regarding the new covenant can be heard this way: “But this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days, says the LORD: I will put my law within them, and I will write it on their hearts…” (Jer. 31:33). The problem is human freedom: overcome that and you’ve overcome evil. But this does no justice to Jeremiah, and leaves God and Nurse Ratched (One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest) indistinguishable.

All of which brings us to Jesus’ “must” in “he must go to Jerusalem and undergo great suffering.” Why ‘must’? Both Testaments offer multiple images and metaphors; we’ve been wondering what they mean ever since–this sermon is part of that wondering. Here are two popular answers in the West: (1) Our sin dishonors God; Jesus dies to restore God’s honor; (2) God’s justice demands punishment for sin; Jesus takes our punishment. But neither of these square easily with Jesus’ portrait of God in the prodigal son parable: the Father who runs to meet the son is scandalously unconcerned with honor and demands no punishment for the son’s misdeeds. As the rabbis teach, if there’s repentance, it’s game, set, match. But what if the prodigal has “made it” in that far country, a little pharaoh oppressing his workers? Or continues to see the father as either irrelevant or the enemy? Not to mention the self-righteous older brother, on the verge of going completely off the rails. How to overcome the evil that has no interest in being overcome?

So here’s what I’d invite you to wonder about. Jesus’ ‘must’: not about God’s honor, or God’s justice, but about how evil is overcome: with good, with non-retaliation. Jesus “must go to Jerusalem and undergo great suffering at the hands of the elders and chief priests and scribes, and be killed, and on the third day be raised.” And why must Jesus do that? There are more reasons than fit into a sermon; here are three.

First, Jesus is about to tell his disciples “If any want to become my followers, let them deny themselves and take up their cross and follow me.” Human history is full of generals who send the grunts into battle and stay comfortably behind the lines. Jesus isn’t going to ask us to do anything he hasn’t done himself.

Second, when it comes to the Kingdom of God, human history is full of examples of using it to feather our own nests. At the start of Jesus’ ministry the devil suggested three variants on this: feed the masses, give them the spectacular, give the gatekeepers their due, and you’ll do just fine. Or European Christians entering the Americas proclaiming their theft of indigenous land as God’s will. No: Jesus understands the difference between “Your kingdom come” and “My kingdom come.”

Third, that “and on the third day be raised.” Regimes then and now encourage compliance by claiming to have the last word. Jesus submits to death to prove that claim false. God bats last. The book of Hebrews puts it this way: “Since, therefore, the children share flesh and blood, he himself likewise shared the same things, so that through death he might destroy the one who has the power of death, that is, the devil, and free those who all their lives were held in slavery by the fear of death” (2:14-15).

What do Jesus’ words to the disciples come to? That Christians will always be persecuted? No: that depends on the decisions of those currently in power. That Christians are called to lose their life for Jesus’ sake and so find it? That’s what Paul lays out in our second reading: “extend hospitality to strangers.… Bless those who persecute you… weep with those who weep.… associate with the lowly… Do not repay anyone evil for evil,… Beloved, never avenge yourselves,… No, ‘if your enemies are hungry, feed them; if they are thirsty, give them something to drink;’… Do not be overcome by evil, but overcome evil with good.” That’s hard work: can I bless with equal sincerity Tammy Baldwin and Ron Johnson?

The New Testament scholar Gerhard Lohfink puts it this way:

“Sin does not just vanish in the air, even when it is forgiven, because sin does not end with the sinner. It has consequences. It always has a social dimension. Every sin embeds itself in human community, corrupts a part of the world, and creates a damaged environment.

“Even if God has forgiven all sin, the consequences of sin are not eliminated. What Adolf Hitler set in motion was by no means eliminated from the world by his death in April 1945, even if he was contrite and even if he himself was forgiven. The fearful consequences of National Socialism poison society until today, and they are still nesting in the lives of the surviving victims, even in the lives of their children and grandchildren.

“So the consequences of sin have to be worked off, and human beings cannot do so of themselves any more than they can absolve themselves. Genuine ‘working off’ of guilt is only possible on a basis that God himself must create. And God has created such a base in his people, and in Jesus he has renewed and perfected it” (Jesus of Nazareth: What he wanted, who he was).

In other words, evil is overcome in history, in the daily and sometimes unnoticed decisions of God’s people to bless, to repay evil with good. In the Eucharistic Prayer: “This is my Blood of the New Covenant, which is shed for you and for many for the forgiveness of sins.” The forgiveness of sins: God forgiving us and we forgiving others. Here, as elsewhere, Jesus is the Way, the Truth, and the Life.

Readings (Track 1)

With today’s Gospel this is a good Sunday to be at St Peter’s. Sometimes when Peter opens his mouth we wince—next Sunday’s reading comes to mind. This week we can pull out the confetti. Nevertheless, I’ll use the beginning of the Romans reading to shape the sermon. First we’ll notice the role Rom 12:1-2 plays in our Eucharistic prayers. We’ll notice the ways the other readings suggest what Rom 12:2 might look like in practice. Third, we’ll notice the unfinished business all this sets before us.

“I appeal to you therefore, brothers and sisters, by the mercies of God, to present your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy and acceptable to God, which is your spiritual worship. Do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your minds, so that you may discern what is the will of God– what is good and acceptable and perfect.”

“Present your bodies as a living sacrifice.” With words and actions the Holy Eucharist unites two actions: the making present of Jesus’ self-offering and the self-offering of the congregation. The bread and the wine that come up during the offertory, all products of our labor, are stand-ins for ourselves. As Augustine used to say: look at the altar: that’s you up there. The same phrase “the Body of Christ” is used for the Sacrament and for those who partake. And the first BCP (16^th century) took up Paul’s words pretty much verbatim “And here we offer and present unto thee, O Lord, our selves, our souls and bodies, to be a reasonable, holy, and living sacrifice unto thee…” (from the Rite I prayer [BCP 336]). Rite II abbreviates, so Prayer B: “Unite us to your Son in his sacrifice, that we may be acceptable through him, being sanctified by the Holy Spirit” (BCP 369). Jesus’ self-offering; our self-offering. We could describe Christian discipleship as together seeking to shape a life between Masses that more closely reflects what we celebrate in the Mass.

If the actions and the language of every Mass remind us of Paul’s exhortation, what might responding to that exhortation look like? For that, the other two readings.

When we left the children of Israel last week they were literally that: the children (sons) of the patriarch Israel, a.k.a. Jacob. As the book of Exodus opens, ‘children of Israel’ now points to a nation. In a pattern that is entirely too familiar, they’re a minority in a foreign land, and that land’s ruler decides that they’re a threat to national security.

And it’s in that context that we get to watch how “Do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your minds” plays out. It turns out, for starters, to be a call to be creative and to be uppity.

Scene 1: Pharaoh tells the Hebrew midwives to notice the gender of the newborn: the female babies may live; the male babies are to be killed. Undoubtedly the midwives gave every indication that they would comply—and then ignored the command. Hauled before Pharaoh to explain themselves, they come up with this lovely song and dance: “Because the Hebrew women are not like the Egyptian women; for they are vigorous and give birth before the midwife comes to them.” That’s not being conformed to this world.

Scene 2: Pharaoh commands that the newborn sons of the Hebrews be cast into the Nile, and Moses’ mother does exactly that—with slight modifications. There’s a little basket between Moses and the Nile itself, she times Moses’ entry into the water with the Pharaoh’s daughter’s customary bath, and sends out her own daughter to improvise. Pharaoh’s daughter finds Moses in the basket, pities him—and Moses’ sister is right there at her elbow offering to find a suitable wet-nurse. So Moses is saved, on a trajectory to be raised in the royal household, and his mother is being paid to nurse him. That’s not being conformed to this world.

I’m lingering over these two scenes also because in a couple of weeks in our second reading we’ll be hearing Paul’s “Let every person be subject to the governing authorities.” It’s much easier to deal responsibly with that text if we remember that it was written by a Jew who had undoubtedly broken into a broad grin listening to the stories we’ve just heard.

Scene 3—if you will—is provided by the Gospel reading. Jesus asks his disciples “who do you say that I am?” Peter—our Peter—replies “You are the Messiah, the Son of the living God.”

That confession, that Jesus is the Messiah, is the hinge of Matthew’s Gospel, because from here on out the disciples know who Jesus is, and the question is what being/acting as the Messiah will mean. That confession—heard in the context of the rest of Holy Scripture—points to the hinge of human history: Jesus, the unique Son of God, anointed by God to restore all things, now acknowledged as the Messiah, the Christ.

“Blessed are you, Simon son of Jonah! For flesh and blood has not revealed this to you, but my Father in heaven.” So Peter’s confession is the result of his having been transformed by the renewing of his mind. That didn’t happen all at once—it was a process that included everything that prepared Peter to take John the Baptist seriously and to say “yes” to Jesus’ call. The process was by no means complete—as Peter’s words in next week’s lesson will make clear

“And I tell you, you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of Hades will not prevail against it.” It’s worth pausing to notice that the first person not conformed to the world is Jesus, for he doesn’t respond to Peter’s confession with “Right, so you all need better swords.” Or, “I’m going to call on a few angelic legions to clean up this place.” Jesus hasn’t let the dominant ideas about the messiah’s role color his understanding. No, “I will build my church.” Jesus’ non-conformity is the backstory; Peter’s non-conformity/transformation is spelled out.

“You are Peter.” It looks like this is when Jesus gives Simon his new name, why we’re at St Peter’s rather than St Simon’s. Pulling back the camera, it looks like a replay of God renaming Abram “Abraham.” In both cases a new people are being created, and the point person gets a new name.

Why “Peter”? It’s a play on words in Greek (and in the probable Aramaic original). “You are Peter (Petros), and on this rock (petra) I will build my church. (Think ‘petrify’, ‘petroglyph’, or ‘petroleum’.) We might recall that Abraham had been described as a rock (Isa 51:1-2) and recall that closing parable in the Sermon on the Mount: the house built on sand vs. the house built on rock. This church has a firm foundation and—despite the gates of Hades—it will endure.

Sadly, Jesus’ followers have been unable to agree on just what these words mean, and their different interpretations are at the heart of the divisions between the Eastern Orthodox, Protestant, and Roman churches. At one of the last Anglican-Roman Catholic dialogues the participants were able to agree that Peter among the apostles enjoyed a certain primacy which was in a certain sense passed to the subsequent bishops of Rome, but acknowledged that they didn’t agree on what either of the occurrences of the word ‘certain’ meant.

What of “I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven.” As elsewhere in today’s Gospel, I like what Davies and Allison do with the verse. Recalling Jesus’ words later in the Gospel (“But woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you lock people out of the kingdom of heaven. For you do not go in yourselves, and when others are going in, you stop them.” [23:13]), Davies and Allison suggest that the New Testament sees Peter’s use of the keys primarily in his evangelistic activity. He preaches at Pentecost; he and John lay hands on the new Samaritan believers so that they receive the Spirit, he preaches to the gentiles gathered at Cornelius’ home. In passing, that the keys do not entail the authority sometimes claimed by Rome is suggested by Paul’s rebuke of Peter over table fellowship with Gentiles, recorded in his letter to the Galatians (2:11ff).

But back to Paul in Romans, and the promised “unfinished business” part of the sermon. Paul moves directly from that don’t-be-conformed-but-be-transformed exhortation into a description of what life in community looks like. We are, says Paul, like a body, with different members having different gifts and all needing each other. Elsewhere: “I planted, Apollos watered, but God gave the growth.” God hasn’t given any of us individually the gifts we need to stop conforming, to be transformed—but He’s given them to us as a group. As good Americans, this takes some getting used to. There’s tremendous cultural pressure to make decisions about being in church or not based on our perceptions of our own needs rather than the needs of the Body. Our participation is as much about the gifts God’s given us being available to others as it is about our needs getting met.

“And here we offer and present unto thee, O Lord, our selves, our souls and bodies, to be a reasonable, holy, and living sacrifice unto thee…” This self-offering sets us on a trajectory toward a particular sort of life, a life more closely interknit with the folk next to us in the pews, with the brothers and sisters praying the same prayer in countless other languages in other parts of the globe. Does my participation in the Eucharist nudge me towards greater concern for or involvement with other parishioners, other Christians? That’s a pretty good indicator of what my Eucharistic doctrine is. In the twenty-first century there are a fresh crop of Pharaohs breathing down our necks; inspired by the Hebrew midwives and in the power of the Spirit we have the opportunity together to discover how to give them a run for their money.